The dynasty of Romanovs began their years reign. Early Romanovs had to restore the order in Muscovy. The peace treaties with Sweden and Poland were signed. The new legislation code was issued. According to the code every noble had to serve to the state. Landlords gained absolute power over their peasants.
Peasants had no right to move from one landlord to another on their own. In a few words the serfdom was sanctioned by the state. Everyone in Moscow had the obligations however most of the rights were handed by tsar and nobility. Muscovy bacame stable, conservative and closed structure. This free independent travel guide to Russia exists thanks to the commission we get when you order these hand-picked trusted third-party services or when you buy our book.
Please, support us! In tsar Peter started to reign in Russia. The violent revolution marked the end of the Romanov dynasty and centuries of Russian Imperial rule. During the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks, led by leftist From early Mongol invasions to tsarist regimes to ages of enlightenment and industrialization to revolutions and wars, Russia is known not just for its political rises of world power and upheaval, but for its cultural contributions think ballet, Tolstoy, Tchaikovsky, caviar and After overthrowing the centuries-old Romanov monarchy, Russia emerged from a civil war in as the newly formed Soviet Union.
Although estimates vary, most experts believe at least , Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. Peter the Great The Romanovs were high-ranking aristocrats in Russia during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Recommended for you. How the Troubles Began in Northern Ireland. Romanov Family. Brutal Execution of the Romanovs. Families in Slavery. Thomas Jefferson's Family. The Mysterious Fate of the Romanov Family's Prized Easter Egg Collection In , an American scrap-metal dealer visited an antiques stall somewhere in the United States and purchased a golden egg sitting on a three-legged stand.
Did any of the Romanovs survive? Could Anyone Have Saved the Romanovs? In Russia, the emergence of the powerful Muscovite Rus led to the spread of eastern Slavs across the Eurasian plains. This expansion was accompanied by the gradual migration of Russian traders to the vast expanse of Siberia. Beginning in the s, the Russian tsars embarked on a massive program of expansion into eastern Europe and across Asia. By the late seventeenth century the Russian empire stretched from Finland and Ukraine in the west to the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk in the east and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to China in the south.
The reasons for this expansion are manifold: population pressures, enticements for Russian settlers to migrate, the exploration for and exploitation of natural resources, geopolitical strategy, and military glory. The regions that Russia incorporated were not empty wastelands but rather the homelands of numerous indigenous peoples with their own cultures and ways of life.
When and where Russians and indigenous peoples met, changes to traditional indigenous life were bound to occur. Often, these changes were marked by the decline of indigenous populations in the interests of Russian imperial power. The decline of indigenous populations took various forms.
The Russian tsars used a range of strategies, which included conventional diplomacy, the creation of protectorates that the tsars later annexed completely, purchasing smaller territories, and the overt use of military suppression, among other tactics. The nature of indigenous population decline often corresponded to the particular form of expansion used by Russia in a specific case.
For example, many Yakuts were assimilated, forced to flee Russian territory, or simply killed as Russian forces conquered their territory. As Russian settlers gradually expropriated their lands, Russian Orthodox missionaries converted them to Christianity, and Russian traders forced them to learn Russian to survive economically.
Peter also introduced critical social reform. He sought to end arranged marriages, which were the norm among the Russian nobility, seeing the practice as barbaric and leading to domestic violence. In , he changed the date of the celebration of the new year from September 1 to January 1.
Thus, in the year of the old Russian calendar, Peter proclaimed that the Julian Calendar was in effect and the year was While their clout had declined since the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Boyar Duma, an advisory council to the tsar, still wielded considerable political power. Peter saw them as backwards and as obstacles standing in the way of Europeanization and reform. He specifically targeted boyars with numerous taxes and obligatory services.
The state was divided into uyezds, which mostly consisted of cities and their immediate surrounding areas. In , Peter abolished these old national subdivisions and established in their place eight governorates.
In , a new state body was established: the Governing Senate. All its members were appointed by the tsar from among his own associates, and it originally consisted of ten people. All appointments and resignations of senators occurred by personal imperial decrees. The senate did not interrupt the activity and was the permanent operating state body. The new provinces were modeled on the Swedish system, in which larger, more politically important areas received more political autonomy, while smaller, more rural areas were controlled more directly by the state.
Previously, high-ranking state positions were hereditary, but with the establishment of the Table of Ranks, anyone, including a commoner, could work their way up the bureaucratic hierarchy with sufficient hard work and skill.
A new generation of technocrats soon supplanted the old boyar class and dominated the civil service in Russia. With minimal modifications, the Table of Ranks remained in effect until the Russian Revolution of Peter also taxed many Russian cultural customs such as bathing, fishing, beekeeping, or wearing beards and issued tax stamps for paper goods.
However, with each new tax came new loopholes and new ways to avoid them, and so it became clear that tax reform was simply not enough.
The solution was a sweeping new poll tax, which replaced a household tax on cultivated land. Previously, peasants had skirted the tax by combining several households into one estate.
Now, each peasant was assessed individually for a tax paid in cash. This new tax was significantly heavier than the taxes it replaced, and it enabled the Russian state to expand its treasury almost sixfold between and Peter also pursued proto-protectionist trade policies, placing heavy tariffs on imports and trade to maintain a favorable environment for Russian-made goods. He firmly enforced class divisions and his tax code significantly expanded the number of taxable workers, shifting an even heavier burden onto the shoulders of the working class.
For example, he created a new class of serfs, known as state peasants , who had broader rights than ordinary serfs but still paid dues to the state. He also created state-sanctioned handicraft shops in large cities, inspired by similar shops he had observed in the Netherlands, to provide products for the army.
By the end of his reign the two were basically indistinguishable. More importantly, Peter created a state that further legitimized and strengthened authoritarian rule in Russia. The foreign policy of Peter the Great focused on the goal of making Russia a maritime power and turned Russia into one of the most powerful states in Europe, shifting the European balance of power.
Peter the Great became tsar in upon the death of his elder brother Feodor, but did not become the actual ruler until He commenced reforming the country, attempting to turn the Russian Tsardom into a modernized empire relying on trade and on a strong, professional army and navy. His only outlet at the time was the White Sea at Arkhangelsk. Russia and Poland signed the Eternal Peace Treaty of , in which Poland—Lithuania agreed to recognize the Russian incorporation of Kiev and the left-bank of the Ukraine.
During the war, the Russian army organized the Crimean campaigns of and , which ended in Russian defeats. Despite these setbacks, Russia launched the Azov campaigns in and and successfully occupied Azov northern extension of the Black Sea in However, the gains did not last long. The conflict was ended by the Treaty of the Pruth, which stipulated that Russia return Azov to the Ottomans, and the Russian Azov fleet was destroyed.
While Peter successfully occupied Azov in , the gains did not last long. However, Peter managed to gain access to the Caspian Sea. In the Russo—Persian War — , Russia had managed to conquer swaths of Safavid Irans territories in the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, and northern mainland Iran, while the Ottoman Turks had invaded and conquered all Iranian territories in the west. The two governments eventually signed a treaty in Constantinople, dividing a large portion of Iran between them.
The annexed Iranian lands located on the east of the conjunction of the rivers Kurosh Kur and Aras were given to the Russians, while the lands on the west went to the Ottomans. Between the years of and , Sweden created a Baltic empire centered on the Gulf of Finland.
Peter the Great wanted to re-establish a Baltic presence by regaining access to the territories that Russia had lost to Sweden in the first decades of the 17th century. In the late s, the adventurer Johann Patkul managed to ally Russia with Denmark and Saxony by the secret Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye.
As Augustus II the Strong, elector of Saxony, gained the Polish crown in , the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth, at conflict with Sweden since the midth century, automatically became a member of the alliance. The treaty also secured the extradition and execution of Patkul, the architect of the anti-Swedish alliance.
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